The Eight Immortals (Ba Xian) are among the most iconic figures in Daoism and are widely revered across all levels of Chinese society. Much like the Seven Lucky Gods (Shichifukujin) in Japan, they are popular symbols of good fortune and are frequently depicted in auspicious artworks such as hanging scrolls and porcelain. Each immortal is said to represent a specific social archetype: male, female, old, young, rich, noble, poor, and humble.
Each of the Eight Immortals possesses a magical item that embodies their supernatural powers. These objects are collectively known as the “Hidden Eight Immortals” (An Ba Xian) and are commonly used as symbolic motifs in decorative arts.
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Cao Guojiu (Symbol of Nobility – “Jade Tablet”)
A former aristocrat who is said to have given away his wealth to help the poor.
Lan Caihe (Symbol of Poverty – “Flower Basket”)
Depicted as a youth wearing a tattered indigo robe and a black bark belt about three inches wide. He carries an ink-stained board at his waist, wears a hole-ridden shoe on one foot, and goes barefoot on the other.
Zhang Guo (Symbol of Old Age – “Fish Drum”)
Respectfully referred to as Zhang Guo Lao. Summoned to the imperial court during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang dynasty, he displayed many magical arts. It is said he attained immortality through shijie (spiritual liberation from the physical body). He is recorded in official historical texts and is associated with many legends.
Han Xiangzi (Symbol of Youth – “Flute”)
Though known as a free-spirited wanderer, he was a sage whose every prophecy came true.
He Xiangu (Symbol of Womanhood – “Lotus Flower”)
The only female among the Eight Immortals. She is said to have gathered medicinal herbs from the mountains, treated illnesses, and performed acts of kindness for the people.
Li Tieguai (Symbol of Humility – “Calabash Gourd”)
His name, meaning "Iron Crutch Li," comes from the iron staff he walked with. He is portrayed with ragged clothes, disheveled hair, a long beard, and a dirty face. In Chinese culture, he is revered as a deity of medicine.
Zhongli Quan (Symbol of Wealth – “Banana Leaf Fan”)
Usually shown with two topknots on his head and a large exposed belly. He is believed to possess the power to revive the souls of the dead.
Lü Dongbin (Symbol of Manhood – “Sword”)
He is a multifaceted deity: a god of healing, war, examinations, fortune (especially gold prospecting), and the patron of barbers and stationers. His origin story is associated with the well-known tale of “The Dream of Handan.”
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